Section 60 Indian Evidence Act

IEA 60 : Section 60 of the Indian Evidence Act:

Oral evidence must be direct.—Oral evidence must, in all cases whatever, be direct; that is to say— If it refers to a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he saw it; If it refers to a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he heard it; If it refers to a fact which could be perceived by any other sense or in any other manner, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he perceived it by that sense or in that manner; If it refers to an opinion or to the grounds on which that opinion is held, it must be the evidence of the person who holds that opinion on those grounds: Provided that the opinions of experts expressed in any treatise commonly offered for sale, and the grounds on which such opinions are held, may be proved by the production of such treatises if the author is dead or cannot be found, or has become incapable of giving evidence, or cannot be called as a witness without an amount of delay or expense which the Court regards as unreasonable: Provided also that, if oral evidence refers to the existence or condition of any material thing other than a document, the Court may, if it thinks fit, require the production of such material thing for its inspection.

India's Important Case Laws and Landmark Judgments on IEA - Section 60 Indian Evidence Act 1872:

Kashibai Martand vs Vinayak Ganesh And Ors. on 22 February, 1955 - Bombay High Court 

Amar Singh vs Chhaju Singh And Anr. on 31 January, 1972 - Punjab-Haryana High Court 

Thomas Cook (India) Limited vs Hotel Imperial And Ors. on 9 January, 2006 - Delhi High Court 

State Of Maharashtra vs Kamal Ahmed Mohd. Vakil Ansari on 14 March, 2013 - Supreme Court of India 

Dolgobinda Paricha vs Nimai Charan Misra & Others on 27 April, 1959 - Supreme Court of India 

Municipal Corporation vs Gandhi Shantilal Girdharlal on 17 November, 1960 - Gujarat High Court 

Rajesh Jha vs State Of U.P. on 27 July, 2015 - Allahabad High Court 

Ganesh Narain Singh And Anr. vs Jadunandan Singh And Ors. on 23 February, 1967 - Patna High Court 

Janki Kahar Alias Jan Ram vs Bideshi Ram And Ors. on 27 February, 1991 - Patna High Court 

Milkhi Ram vs Milkhi Ram on 10 January, 1996 - Himachal Pradesh High Court